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The need for cognition (NFC), in psychology, is a personality variable reflecting the extent to which individuals are inclined towards effortful cognitive activities.〔Cacioppo, John T. & Petty, Richard E. (1982). (The need for cognition ). ''Journal of Personality and Social Psychology''. 42(1) 116–131 ()〕〔Cacioppo, John T. Petty, Richard E. Kao, Chuan Feng, Rodriguez, Regina. (1986). (Central and peripheral routes to persuasion: An individual difference perspective. ) ''Journal of Personality and Social Psychology''. 51(5) 1032–1043 ()〕 Need for cognition has been variously defined as "a need to structure relevant situations in meaningful, integrated ways" and "a need to understand and make reasonable the experiential world".〔Cohen, A.R., Stotland, E., & Wolfe, D.M., (1955). An Experimental Investigation of Need for Cognition. ''Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology'', 51(2), 291–294.〕 Higher NFC is associated with increased appreciation of debate, idea evaluation, and problem solving. Those with a high need for cognition may be inclined towards high elaboration. Those with a lower need for cognition may display opposite tendencies, and may process information more heuristically, often through low elaboration.〔Dole, J.A. & Sinatra, G.M. (1998). Reconceptualizing Change in the Cognitive Construction of Knowledge. ''Educational Psychologist'', 33, (2–3), 109–128.〕 Need for cognition is closely related to the five factor model domain openness to ideas, typical intellectual engagement, and epistemic curiosity (see below). Need for cognition has also been found to correlate with higher self-esteem, masculine sex-role orientation, and psychological absorption (citation needed), while being inversely related to social anxiety. ==History== Cohen, Stotland and Wolfe (1955),〔 in their work on individual differences in cognitive motivation, identified a "''need for cognition''" which they defined as "the individual’s need to organize his experience meaningfully," the "need to structure relevant situations in meaningful, integrated ways," and "need to understand and make reasonable the experiential world" (p. 291). They argued that, if this "need" were frustrated, it would generate "feelings of tension and deprivation" that would instigate "active efforts to structure the situation and increase understanding" (p. 291), though the particular situations arousing and satisfying the need may vary (p. 291). Cohen argued that even in structured situations, people high in NFC see ambiguity and strive for higher standards of cognitive clarity. Cohen and colleagues 〔〔Cohen, A.R. (1957). "Need for Cognition and Order of Communication as Determinants of Opinion Change," 79–97. In Hovland, C.I. (ed.), ''The Order of Presentation in Persuasion'', Yale University Press, (New Haven).〕 themselves identified multiple prior identifications of need for cognition, citing works by Murphy, Maslow, Katz, Harlow and Asch 〔(a) Murphy, G. ''Personality''. New York: Harper, 1947; (b) Maslow A.H. A theory of human motivation Psychol. Rev., 1943, 50, 370–396; (c) Katz, D., & Sarnoff, I. "Motivational bases of attitude change." ''J. Abnorm. Soc. Psychol''., 1954, 49, 115–124; and (d) Harlow, H.F., Harlow, M.K. & Meyer, D. "Learning motivated by a manipulation drive." ''J. Exp. Psychol.'', 1950, 40, 228–234; and (e) Asch, S.E. ''Social Psychology''. New York, Prentice-Hall, 1952".〕 They 〔 distinguished their concept from the apparently similar "intolerance of ambiguity" proposed by Frenkel-Brunswik,〔Frenkel-Brunswik, E. (1949). "Intolerance of ambiguity as an emotional and perceptual personality variable." ''J. Pers''. 18, 108-143.〕 arguing that NFC does not reflect the need to experience an integrated and meaningful world. Contemporary research suggests that Cohen's conception of need is, however closer to tolerance of ambiguity, need for structure, or need for cognitive closure than to current ideas of need for cognition. For instance, studies using Cohen's measures indicated avoidance of ambiguity and a need to get "meaning" even if this meant relying on heuristics or expert advice rather than careful scrutiny of incoming information. Building on this work, Cacioppo therefore moved away from drive-reduction toward measuring individual differences in the self-reward potential of cognitive activity〔Thompson, E.P., Chaiken, S. & Hazlewood, J.D., (1993). "Need for Cognition and Desire for Control as Moderators of Extrinsic Reward Effects: A Person × Situation Approach to the Study of Intrinsic Motivation," ''Journal of Personality and Social Psychology'',64. 987–999.〕(p. 988), Stressing (p. 118) that they were using the word need in the statistical sense of a "likelihood or tendency", rather than in the rudimentary biological sense of "tissue deprivation", they defined the need for cognition as an individual’s tendency to "engage in and enjoy thinking" (p. 116) and the tendency to "organize, abstract, and evaluate information" (p. 124)—or, variously, as a stable, but individually different "tendency to engage in and enjoy effortful cognitive endeavors", or an "intrinsic motivation to engage in effortful cognitive endeavors… and exercise their mental faculties"〔(p. 197), or an "intrinsic motivation for effortful thought"〔(p 997). Cacioppo and Petty (1982) created their own scale to measure the need for cognition. This was subsequently slightly amended 〔Cacioppo, J.T., Petty, R.E. & Kao, C.F. (1984). "The Efficient Assessment of Need for Cognition." ''Journal of Personality Assessment'', 48 (3), 306–307.〕 and in most of the cases reported in the subsequent literature it is this amended scale that is administered. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「need for cognition」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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